Fibre Stub Device and Method Using Butt Coupling for Receptacled Photonic Devices

ABSTRACT

A novel, hybrid optical fibre stub device comprises a first ferrule transparent to UV light and a second ferrule including a conventional material. An optical fibre is disposed through the first ferrule and second ferrule. The input and output faces of the optical fibre are prepared suitable for optical coupling. A photonic device is coupled to the first optical fibre surface. A UV curable epoxy is disposed between the photonic device and the first optical fibre surface. The UV curable epoxy includes an index of refraction between an index of refraction of the first optical fibre and an index of refraction of the photonic device. A second optical fibre is coupled to the first optical fibre.

CLAIM TO DOMESTIC PRIORITY

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/329,614, filed Jul. 11, 2014, which application isincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of photonic optical fibrebased devices including those used for data communications, sensing, orother applications, and in particular, to the coupling of a photonicdevice to an optical fibre through a fibre stub receptacle.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The increased use of photonic devices in many applications is drivingthe need for reduced cost and improved assembly methods. One of themajor difficulties in using photonic devices is the coupling to opticalfibres required for transmission from one photonic device to another.Efficient, simple methods of coupling the photonic devices at both endsof the optical link are highly desirable.

Existing photonic devices include lasers, detectors, modulators,switches, attenuators, optical multiplexers and de-multiplexers,gratings, couplers and other devices where a function is achieved in aphotonic device. Photonic devices are manufactured from a variety ofmaterials including silica, silicon, silicon-Germanium, IndiumPhosphide, Gallium Arsenide, Lithium Niobate and other materials thatexhibit optical emitting, detection, or guiding properties.

Existing methods for coupling photonic devices to optical fibresefficiently include some form of mode matching because the opticalwaveguides have a different size than the core of an optical fibre. Onemethod of mode matching involves using lenses. The use of lenses formode matching adds cost and manufacturing complexity to the photonicdevice. An alternative method of mode matching involves manufacturing aV groove adjacent to the waveguide such that the optical fibre canlocate in the V groove and be correctly positioned with respect to thewaveguide. The V groove method requires larger photonic devices toprovide space for the V groove which increases the cost of the photonicdevice. Additionally, manufacturing the V grooves requires additionalprocessing steps compared to manufacturing integrated photonic deviceswithout V grooves, which also increases the cost of the photonic device.Another method of mode matching involves producing a tapered region in awaveguide during the manufacturing of the photonic device. Creating atapered region in the waveguide addresses the issues created because theoptical waveguides have a different size than the core of the opticalfibre. By using a tapered region in the waveguide for mode matching, itis possible to butt couple the optical fibre to the waveguide and obtainefficient transfer of light between the waveguide and the optical fibre.Butt coupling removes the need for lensing and complicated alignmentprocedures and is the preferred option for integrated photonicassemblies. Accordingly, a method is required to efficiently and easilybutt couple optical fibre to a photonic device using the edge of thewaveguide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of a photonic and electronic subassembly;

FIG. 2 shows the novel fibre stub assembly where two stubs areco-located in a ceramic sleeve;

FIG. 3 shows the novel fibre stub with a singlemode optical connectorassembly at one end and a waveguide photonic device at the other endjoined by a continuous single piece of fibre; and

FIG. 4 shows the novel fibre stub with a multimode optical connectorassembly at one end and a waveguide photonic device at the other endjoined by a continuous single piece of fibre.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described in one or more embodiments in thefollowing description with reference to the figures, in which likenumerals represent the same or similar elements. While the invention isdescribed in terms of the best mode for achieving the invention'sobjectives, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that itis intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as maybe included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined bythe appended claims and their equivalents as supported by the followingdisclosure and drawings. As employed in the drawings, specification, andclaims the term fibre stub includes a short length of fibre encased in ablock of material, usually cylindrical such that the fibre is positionedalong the central axis of the block.

The present application describes a novel fibre stub which allowsoptical access for UV curing by presenting an interface to the photonicdevice which is transparent to UV light, thereby enabling the use of UVcurable epoxies. Additionally, the novel fibre stub uses standard fibreinterfaces. The present invention includes optical transceivers fordatacoms. Additionally, the present invention can be used in anysituation where an optical fibre is attached to a photonic device bybutt coupling a fibre stub.

Many photonic devices are used in optical transceivers where optical andelectronic functions are combined. The datacom industry has spearheadedthe adoption of standards and specifications for optical transceivers.Many optical transceivers are receptacled which means they interface toan optical fibre through a receptacle where an optical connectorinterface is included in the transceiver. The optical connectorinterface conforms to a standard commonly known in the industry byacronym for example LC (Lucent Connector), MPO (Multiple fibre Push On),SC (Subscriber Connector), FC (Ferrule Connector), and so on. Opticalconnector standards enable the optical connectors to interface correctlywith the optical fibres. Accordingly, an optical transceiver willspecify which standard optical connector interface the opticaltransceiver is configured to accept.

The single fibre connectors use a fibre stub which is a length ofoptical fibre held in an accurately dimensioned ceramic stub andpolished at both ends to create a good optical surface. The ceramic stubis optionally held in an accurately dimensioned ceramic sleeve whichalso accepts the incoming optical connector with the transmission fibreattached. The second ceramic sleeve co-locates the optical fibres forefficient coupling from the transmission fibre to the opticaltransceiver.

Inside the transceiver, the polished fibre stub is interfaced to thewaveguide of the photonic device, using butt coupling with an opticalfibre. A tapered region in the waveguide is provided for mode matchingwithin the photonic device edge. However, in conventional fibre stubs,the optical fibres are surrounded by materials which are opaque to UVlight. Many photonic device waveguides are also opaque to UV light.Accordingly, the junction between the optical fibre and the waveguide isnot accessible to UV light. Thus, conventional fibre stubs lack theability to utilize UV curable epoxies for improving butt coupling ofoptical fibres to waveguides. UV curable epoxies used between theoptical fibre and the waveguide improve butt coupling of optical fibresto waveguides. The UV curable epoxy technique of the present inventionprovides stability and refractive index matching for the optical fibre,thereby reducing optical reflections associated with refractive indexmismatch and improving butt coupling between the optical fibre and thewaveguide. FIG. 1 shows one example of a photonic device 10.Input/output (IO) pads 11 are formed on base substrate 14. Activeelectrical circuitry 12 is formed on base substrate 14. Opticaltransmitters 16 and 18 convert electrical signals from electricalcircuitry 12 on semiconductor device 10 into optical signals. Opticaltransmitters 16 and 18 include silicon lasers, silicon germanium lasers,indium phosphide lasers, LEDs, or other suitable photon emittingdevices. The optical signals leave optical transmitters 16 and 18 andenter waveguides 20 and 22, respectively. Waveguides 20 and 22 includesilicon, silica, indium phosphide, Gallium Arsenide, Lithium Niobate, orother suitable optical medium. Optical receiver 24 converts an opticalsignal into an electrical signal for use by electrical circuitry 12 onsemiconductor device 10. Optical receiver 24 includes silicon germanium,InGaAs, silicon, or other optoelectronic material. Waveguide 26transports an optical signal from waveguide 28 to optical receiver 24.Waveguides 26 and 28 include silicon, silica, indium phosphide, GalliumArsenide, Lithium Niobate, or other suitable optical medium. Once theoptical signal is converted to an electrical signal, the electricalsignal is available for use by electrical circuitry 12. Waveguides 20and 22 transport optical signals from optical transmitters 16 and 18 towaveguide 28. Waveguide 28 and optical fibre 30 meet at junction 32.Waveguide 28 is butt coupled to optical fibre 30 at junction 32. Buttcoupling is a method of joining two optical fibres or an optical fibreto a waveguide. When joining optical fibre 30 to waveguide 28, the endof the optical fibre is polished and the optical fibre is aligned to theconnection point on the waveguide. When an air gap exists betweenoptical fibre 30 and waveguide 28, the light passes from the opticalfibre to the air, and then from the air to the waveguide. When lightpasses from optical fibre 30 to the air, a portion of the light reflectsback into the fibre due to the difference in index of refraction betweenthe optical fibre core medium and air. Similarly, when light passes fromthe air to waveguide 28, a portion of the light reflects back into theair due to the difference in index of refraction between the waveguideand air. One way to reduce these reflections is to allow the end ofoptical fibre 30 and the connection point of waveguide 28 to come intodirect physical contact. Another way to reduce the reflections is tosurround the end of optical fibre 30 and the connection point ofwaveguide 28 with a gel or epoxy having a refractive index matching therefractive indices of the optical fibre and the waveguide. When the endof optical fibre 30 and the connection point of waveguide 28 aresurrounded by a material with matching refractive index, the light doesnot encounter a boundary between two refractive indices as it travelsbetween the optical fibre and the waveguide across the connection.Optical fibre 30 and waveguide 28 are aligned to ensure the opticalsignal propagates from the optical fibre into the waveguide properly. Afibre stub helps ensure proper alignment of the optical fibre by holdingthe optical fibre in place in the center of a ferrule. FIG. 2illustrates a novel fibre stub 40. Fibre stub 40 includes a UVtransparent output ferrule 42. UV transparent output ferrule 42 includesglass, fused quartz, fused silica, sapphire, alumina, single crystalAl2O3, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, plastic, or other suitableUV transparent material. The center of UV transparent output ferrule 42contains hole 44. Hole 44 is sized to accommodate an optical fibre. UVtransparent output ferrule 42 includes endface 46 and endface 48,opposite endface 46. Fibre stub 40 includes an input ferrule 50. Inputferrule 50 includes ceramic zirconia or other suitable materials. Thecenter of input ferrule 50 contains hole 52. Hole 52 is sized toaccommodate an optical fibre. Hole 52 is aligned with hole 44 such thata continuous optical fibre passes through holes 44 and 52. Input ferrule50 includes endface 54 and endface 56, opposite endface 54. Epoxy 60 isdisposed between UV transparent output ferrule 42 and input ferrule 50.Sleeve 62 is disposed over UV transparent output ferrule 42 and inputferrule 50. Sleeve 62 includes zirconia ceramic, aluminum, phosphorbronze, or other suitable materials. Sleeve 62 centers and aligns UVtransparent output ferrule 42 and input ferrule 50. Housing 64 housessleeve 62. Housing 64 includes neck protrusions 66. Housing 64 includesstainless steel, aluminum, phosphor bronze, or other suitable materials.Sleeve 68 is disposed over input ferrule 50 and receptacle 72. Sleeve 68includes zirconia ceramic, aluminum, phosphor bronze, stainless steel,or other suitable materials. Housing 70 houses sleeve 68 and receptacle72. Housing 70 includes stainless steel, aluminum, phosphor bronze, orother suitable materials. Receptacle 72 is sized to accommodate aportion of a standard optical connector, such as LC connector 84, asshown in FIG. 3. Optical fibres contained within fibre optic cablesterminate in standard optical connectors, such as LC connectors, STconnectors, SC connectors, FC connectors, MT connectors, or otherstandard optical fibre terminations. If a cable contains more than oneoptical fibre, the individual fibres are broken out such that eachoptical fibre terminates in a useful connection, such as provided by LCconnectors, ST connectors, SC connectors, FC connectors, MT connectors,or other standard optical fibre connections. Photonic devices 10incorporating optical components have receptacles, such as receptacle72, sized to accommodate one or more connectors, including standardoptical connectors such as such as LC connectors, ST connectors, SCconnectors, FC connectors, and MT connectors. The receptacles allow forthe transmission of modes of light from the core of the optical fibreterminated in the connector to waveguide 28 of photonic device 10coupled to fibre stub 40. FIG. 3 shows a portion of LC connector 84disposed in receptacle 72. LC connector 84 includes pigtail 86. Pigtail86 is a singlemode fibre (SMF) optical cable. Sleeve 68 is disposed overinput ferrule 50 and the portion of LC connector 84 inserted intoreceptacle 72. Sleeve 68 centers and aligns input ferrule 50 and theportion of LC connector 84 inserted into receptacle 72. Optical fibre 74passes through hole 44 in UV transparent output ferrule 42 and hole 52in input ferrule 50. Optical fibre 74 is a SMF. Optical fibre 74 iscontinuous from endface 54 of input ferrule 50 to endface 46 of UVtransparent output ferrule 42. Epoxy 60 secures optical fibre 74 ininput ferrule 50 and UV transparent output ferrule 42. The end ofoptical fibre 74 at endface 54 of input ferrule 50 and the end ofoptical fibre 74 at endface 46 of UV transparent output ferrule 42 arepolished. Fibre stub 40 aligns input ferrule 50 and the portion of LCconnector 84 inserted into receptacle 72 in position for butt couplingoptical fibre 74 with the end of the optical fibre contained in LCconnector 84. Sleeve 68 aligns the end of the optical fibre contained inLC connector 84 with the end of optical fibre 74 at endface 54. The endof the optical fibre contained in LC connector 84 connects with the endof optical fibre 74 at endface 54. Accordingly, the junction between theoptical fibre contained in LC connector 84 and optical fibre 74 is atthe center of endface 54 of input ferrule 50. Fibre stub 40 aligns UVtransparent output ferrule 42 and the end of optical fibre 74 inposition for butt coupling with the connection point of waveguide 38.The connection point of waveguide 38 connects with the end of opticalfibre 74 at endface 46. A UV curable epoxy 80 is applied to endface 46of UV transparent output ferrule 42 prior to butt coupling the end ofoptical fibre 74 to the connection point of waveguide 38. UV curableepoxy 80 has a refractive index selected to match the refractive indicesof optical fibre 74 and waveguide 38. UV light source 82 illuminates UVlight through UV transparent output ferrule 42 to cure UV curable epoxy80 disposed on endface 46 of the UV transparent output ferrule joiningthe UV transparent output ferrule and the end of optical fibre 74 to theconnection point of waveguide 38. UV light from UV light source 82 isable to cure UV curable epoxy 80 which is index matched to optical fibre74 and waveguide 38 through UV transparent output ferrule 42. UV curableepoxy 80 improves performance of signal transmission across the junctionat endface 46 by having a refractive index selected to match therefractive indices of optical fibre 74 and waveguide 38. UV curableepoxy 80 is cured to permanently bond UV transparent output ferrule 42and the end of optical fibre 74 to the connection point of waveguide 38and improve performance of signal transmission across the junction atendface 46. If ferrule 42 were ceramic, the ferrule would be opaque toUV light. Accordingly, UV light from UV light source 82 would be unableto penetrate a ceramic ferrule and cure UV curable epoxy 80. Becauseferrule 42 is comprised of UV transparent material, UV light from UVlight source 82 penetrates UV transparent output ferrule 42 and cures UVcurable epoxy 80 disposed on endface 46. UV curable epoxy 80 fills theinterface between the end of optical fibre 74 and the connection pointof waveguide 38 at the junction at endface 46 and includes a refractiveindex selected to match the refractive indices of the optical fibre andthe waveguide. Fibre stub 40 including UV transparent output ferrule 42improves return loss and reduces insertion loss at the junction betweenoptical fibre 74 and waveguide 38. UV transparent output ferrule 42allows UV light from UV light source 82 to cure UV curable epoxy 80. UVcurable epoxy 80 fills the interface between the end of optical fibre 74and the connection point of waveguide 38 at the junction at endface 46and includes a refractive index selected to match the refractive indicesof the optical fibre and the waveguide. Return loss is the amount ofsignal that is reflected back toward the signal source by a component,such as a junction, due to a refractive index mismatch. The use of indexmatched UV epoxy 80 at the junction of optical fibre 74 and waveguide 38reduces refractive index mismatch, which improves return loss. Insertionloss is a comparison of signal power at the point the incident energy,or mode, strikes the junction and the signal power at the point it exitsthe junction. The use of index matched UV epoxy 80 at the junction ofoptical fibre 74 and waveguide 38 reduces refractive index mismatch,which means less of the optical signal is reflected back at thejunction. If less of the signal is reflected back at the junction, thenmore of the signal continues past the junction. Accordingly, a reductionin refractive index mismatch reduces insertion loss. Thus fibre stub 40including UV transparent output ferrule 42 improves return loss andreduces insertion loss at the junction between optical fibre 74 andwaveguide 38 by allowing UV light from UV light source 82 to penetrateUV transparent output ferrule 42 and cure index matched UV curable epoxy80 disposed at the junction at endface 46 between optical fibre 74 andwaveguide 38. Additionally, use of fibre stub 40 including UVtransparent output ferrule 42 allows UV light from UV light source 82 tocure UV curable epoxy 80. UV curable epoxy 80 securely aligns waveguide38 and optical fibre 94 to improve signal transmission across thejunction.

FIG. 4 shows the end of waveguide 38 butt coupled to fibre stub 40 in analternate embodiment for applications requiring a multimode fibre (MMF).Sleeve 62 is disposed over UV transparent output ferrule 42 and inputferrule 50. Sleeve 62 centers and aligns UV transparent output ferrule42 and input ferrule 50. Optical fibre 94 passes through hole 44 in UVtransparent output ferrule 42 and hole 52 in input ferrule 50. UVtransparent output ferrule 42 includes glass, fused quartz, fusedsilica, sapphire, alumina, single crystal Al2O3, calcium fluoride,magnesium fluoride, plastic, or other suitable UV transparent material.Input ferrule 50 includes ceramic zirconia, composite plastic polymers,or other suitable materials. Optical fibre 94 is an MMF. Optical fibre94 is continuous from endface 54 of input ferrule 50 to endface 46 of UVtransparent output ferrule 42. Epoxy 60 secures optical fibre 94 ininput ferrule 50 and UV transparent output ferrule 42. Ends of opticalfibre 94 at endface 54 of input ferrule 50 and endface 46 of UVtransparent output ferrule 42 are polished. Sleeve 68 is disposed overinput ferrule 50 and receptacle 96. Sleeve 68 includes zirconia ceramic,aluminum, phosphor bronze, stainless steel, or other suitable materials.Receptacle 96 is sized to accommodate a portion of a standard opticalconnector, such as LC connector 92. A portion of LC connector 92 isinserted into receptacle 96. Sleeve 68 centers and aligns input ferrule50 and the portion of LC connector 92 inserted into receptacle 96. LCconnector 92 includes optical cable 90. Optical cable 90 is an MMF.Fibre stub 40 aligns input ferrule 50 and the portion of LC connector 92inserted into receptacle 96 in position for butt coupling the end ofoptical fibre 94 with the end of the optical fibre terminated in LCconnector 92. Sleeve 68 aligns the end of the optical fibre terminatedin LC connector 92 with the end of optical fibre 94 at endface 54. Theend of the optical fibre terminated in LC connector 92 connects with theend of optical fibre 94 at endface 54. Accordingly, the junction betweenthe optical fibre in LC connector 92 and optical fibre 94 is at thecenter of endface 54 of input ferrule 50. Fibre stub 40 aligns UVtransparent output ferrule 42 and the end of optical fibre 94 inposition for butt coupling with the connection point of waveguide 38.The connection point of waveguide 38 connects with the end of opticalfibre 94 at endface 46. Accordingly, the junction between waveguide 38and optical fibre 94 is at the center of endface 46 of UV transparentoutput ferrule 42.

UV curable epoxy 80 is applied to endface 46 of UV transparent outputferrule 42 prior to butt coupling the end of optical fibre 94 to theconnection point of waveguide 38. UV curable epoxy 80 has a refractiveindex selected to match the refractive indices of optical fibre 94 andwaveguide 38. UV light source 82 illuminates UV light through UVtransparent output ferrule 42 to cure UV curable epoxy 80 disposed onendface 46 of the UV transparent output ferrule permanently joining theUV transparent output ferrule and the end of optical fibre 94 to theconnection point of waveguide 38. UV light from UV light source 82 isable to cure UV curable epoxy 80 which is index matched to the opticalfibre and the waveguide through UV transparent output ferrule 42. UVcurable epoxy 80 improves performance of signal transmission across thejunction at endface 46 by having a refractive index selected to matchthe refractive indices of optical fibre 94 and waveguide 38. UV curableepoxy 80 is cured to permanently bond UV transparent output ferrule 42and the end of optical fibre 94 to the connection point of waveguide 38and improve performance of signal transmission across the junction atendface 46. If ferrule 42 were ceramic, the ferrule would be opaque toUV light. Accordingly, UV light from UV light source 82 would be unableto penetrate a ceramic ferrule and cure UV curable epoxy 80. Becauseferrule 42 is comprised of UV transparent material, UV light from UVlight source 82 penetrates UV transparent output ferrule 42 and cures UVcurable epoxy 80 disposed on endface 46. UV curable epoxy 80 fills theinterface between optical fibre 94 and waveguide 38 at the junction atendface 46 and includes a refractive index selected to match therefractive indices of the optical fibre and the waveguide. Fibre stub 40including UV transparent output ferrule 42 improves return loss andreduces insertion loss at the junction between optical fibre 94 andwaveguide 38. UV transparent output ferrule 42 allows UV light from UVlight source 82 to cure UV curable epoxy 80. UV curable epoxy 80 fillsthe interface between optical fibre 94 and waveguide 38 at the junctionat endface 46 and includes a refractive index selected to match therefractive indices of the optical fibre and the waveguide. Return lossis the amount of signal that is reflected back toward the signal sourceby a component, such as a junction, due to a refractive index mismatch.The use of index matched UV epoxy 80 at the junction of optical fibre 94and waveguide 38 reduces refractive index mismatch, which improvesreturn loss. Insertion loss is a comparison of signal power at the pointthe incident energy, or mode, strikes the junction and the signal powerat the point it exits the junction. The use of index matched UV epoxy 80at the junction of optical fibre 94 and waveguide 38 reduces refractiveindex mismatch, which means less of the optical signal is reflected backat the junction. If less of the signal is reflected back at thejunction, then more of the signal continues past the junction.Accordingly, a reduction in refractive index mismatch reduces insertionloss. Thus fibre stub 40 including UV transparent output ferrule 42improves return loss and reduces insertion loss at the junction betweenoptical fibre 94 and waveguide 38 by allowing UV light from UV lightsource 82 to penetrate the UV transparent output ferrule and cure indexmatched UV curable epoxy 80 disposed at the junction at endface 46between the optical fibre and the waveguide. Additionally, use of fibrestub 40 including UV transparent output ferrule 42 allows UV light fromUV light source 82 to cure UV curable epoxy 80. UV curable epoxy 80securely aligns waveguide 38 and optical fibre 94 to improve signaltransmission across the junction.

While one or more embodiments of the present invention have beenillustrated in detail, the skilled artisan will appreciate thatmodifications and adaptations to those embodiments may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention as set forth in thefollowing claims.

What is claimed:
 1. A method of making an optical fibre stub device,comprising: providing a first ferrule transparent to ultraviolet (UV)light; providing a second ferrule including a diameter of the secondferrule approximately equal to a diameter of the first ferrule;disposing a sleeve over the first ferrule and second ferrule; disposingan optical fibre through the first ferrule, second ferrule, and sleeve;disposing a first epoxy contacting a first endface of the first ferrule;and illuminating UV light through the first ferrule to cure the firstepoxy.
 2. The method of claim 1, further including butt coupling awaveguide to the optical fibre at the first endface of the first ferruleusing the first epoxy.
 3. The method of claim 1, further includingselecting the first epoxy to have a refractive index matching theoptical fibre and waveguide.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein theoptical fibre includes a mode converter.
 5. The method of claim 1,further including depositing a second epoxy between the first ferruleand second ferrule.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the second epoxysecures the optical fibre in the first ferrule and second ferrule. 7.The method of claim 1, further including: disposing the sleeve with aportion of the first ferrule extending out of the sleeve; andilluminating the UV light into a side surface of the first ferrule thatextends from the sleeve and out of the first endface.
 8. A method ofmaking an optical fibre stub device, comprising: providing a firstferrule transparent to ultraviolet (UV) light; disposing an opticalfibre through the first ferrule; depositing a first epoxy over an end ofthe first ferrule and the optical fibre; and illuminating UV lightthrough the first ferrule to cure the first epoxy.
 9. The method ofclaim 8, further including: providing a second ferrule; aligning thefirst ferrule and second ferrule using a sleeve; and disposing theoptical fibre through the first ferrule and second ferrule.
 10. Themethod of claim 9, further including: disposing the sleeve with aportion of the first ferrule extending out of the sleeve; andilluminating the UV light into a side surface of the first ferrule thatextends from the sleeve.
 11. The method of claim 9, further includingdepositing a second epoxy between the first ferrule and second ferrule.12. The method of claim 11, wherein the second epoxy secures the opticalfibre in the first ferrule and second ferrule.
 13. The method of claim8, wherein the optical fibre includes a mode converter.
 14. The methodof claim 8, further including selecting the first epoxy to have arefractive index matching the optical fibre and waveguide.
 15. Anoptical fibre stud device, comprising: a first ferrule transparent toultraviolet (UV) light; an optical fibre disposed through the firstferrule; a waveguide adjacent to the optical fibre and first ferrule;and a first epoxy deposited between the optical fibre and waveguide,wherein a refractive index of the first epoxy matches the optical fibreand waveguide.
 16. The optical fibre stud device of claim 15, whereinthe first epoxy is UV curable.
 17. The optical fibre stud device ofclaim 15, further including: a second ferrule; and a sleeve disposedaround the first ferrule and second ferrule with the optical fibreextending through the first ferrule, second ferrule, and sleeve.
 18. Theoptical fibre stud device of claim 17, wherein a portion of the firstferrule extends from the sleeve toward the waveguide.
 19. The opticalfibre stud device of claim 17, further including a second epoxydeposited in the sleeve between the first ferrule and second ferrule.20. The optical fibre stud device of claim 17, wherein an inner diameterof the sleeve is approximately equal to an outer diameter of the firstferrule and an outer diameter of the second ferrule.